A Special Piece: a Celadon Gourd-shaped Ewer in Hamburg

By Maria Sobotka

EN: Fig. 1 – The Celadon Gourd-shaped Ewer with Lotus Petal Design in Underglaze Copper from the Goryeo Period on display at the Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg (on the left). On the right you can see a Chinese piece with a similar shape from Zhejiang/Yue kiln, dated to the Northern Song dynasty, 10th century. Image taken by author, 2020.
DE: Abb. 1 – Die kürbisförmige Kanne aus Seladon mit Lotosblütenmuster in kupferroter Unterglasurmalerei aus der Goryeo-Periode, ausgestellt im Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg (links). Rechts ein chinesisches Stück mit einer ähnlichen Form aus dem Zhejiang/Yue-Ofen, datiert in die Nördliche Song-Dynastie, 10. Jahrhundert. Bild aufgenommen von der Autorin, 2020.



This gourd-shaped ewer stems from the Kingdom of Goryeo (918–1392). There are only three jugs of this type in the world. One is in the Leeum Samsung Museum of Art in Seoul, one in the Freer and Sackler Galleries in Washington, D.C. – National Museum of Asian Art, and one in the Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg (MK&G). What makes this piece outstanding is the fine underglaze painting in copper red. In the 13th century, the pigment cobalt was the first pigment that could be used to paint beautifully on porcelain, as many blue and white porcelains from China, Persia, and later Europe attest. What potters failed in for a long time, but the Koreans were among the first to succeed in, was underglaze painting with copper oxide. For the underglaze red painting, copper oxide is applied on the body before firing. It turns red afterwards. The difficulty in controlling the copper oxide pigment came with limited success and therefore resulted in a scarce use of this decor. This jug is special as it is one of the earliest and most delicate examples that we know of in this very technique. It is also extremely finely crafted: you can see that every vein of the leaves and even the small figurine on the edge of the ewer – a child holding a lotus flower – are extremely concise and elaborately rendered as is the beautifully shaped body of the jug with its sleek spout and handle.

EN: Fig. 2 – The celadon wine ewer as it looked before it underwent the conservational treatment in the Leeum Samsung Museum of Art in Seoul. Archive Material. Copyright: Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg.
DE: Abb. 2 – Die Seladon-Kanne im ursprünglichen Zustand, wie Justus Brinckmann sie erwarb und bevor sie im Leeum Samsung Museum of Art in Seoul restauriert worden ist. Archivmaterial. Copyright: Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg.

Justus Brinckmann (1843–1915) acquired this ewer from the Japanese art dealer Seisuke Ikeda (1839–1900) in Kyoto sometime before 1910. It underwent tremendous conservation treatment as you can see when you compare the current image with this historic photograph. The celadon ewer, located on the upper right, had been part of a display case during Brinckmann’s times as director. The jug in the Freer and Sackler Galleries was formerly owned by the collector Charles Lang Freer, who made a trip to Europe in the early 20th century and visited the MK&G in Hamburg. Perhaps he was inspired by Brinckmann’s purchase and somehow acquired a similar piece in the US?

References:

See Valenstein, Meech-Pekarik, and Jenkins, 1980 Oriental Ceramics, the World’s Greatest Collections: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Ohio State University: p. 179 for a description of this technique.

Other information stems from research that has been conducted between 2018 and 2020 in the Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg by the author as part of the re-organization of the Korean gallery.

For further information:

The ewer is published in the Korean Collection at the Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg. Catalogue of Overseas Korean Cultural Heritage. No. 35. National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage (ed.), 2017, Samsung Moonhwa Printing Co. Ltd., p. 29-31.

See Nora von Achenbach, Die Botschaft der Dinge. Eine koreanische Seladonkanne mit kupferroter Bemalung im Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg, in Ostasiatische Zeitschrift, Neue Serie; Nr. 35 – Frühjahr 2018, p. 9-14 for more information on the restoration process.

Diese kürbisförmige Kanne stammt aus der Goryeo-Periode (918-1392). Weltweit gibt es nur drei Kannen dieser Art. Eine befindet sich im Leeum Samsung Museum of Art in Seoul, eine in den Freer and Sackler Galleries in Washington, D.C. – National Museum of Asian Art, und eine im Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg (MK&G). Das Besondere an diesen drei Objekten ist die feine Unterglasurmalerei in Kupferrot. Das Pigment Kobalt war im 13. Jahrhundert das erste Pigment, mit dem die Malerei auf Porzellan in ästhetisch ansprechender Weise ausgeführt werden konnte, wie viele blau-weiße Porzellane aus China, Persien und später Europa bezeugen. Was vielen Töpfern lange Zeit misslang, und wo koreanische Töpfer früh die ersten Erfolge verbuchen konnten, war die Unterglasurmalerei mit Kupferoxid. Bei der roten Unterglasurmalerei wird Kupferoxid vor dem Brennen auf den Scherben aufgetragen. Während des Brandes „färbt“ es sich rot. Die Schwierigkeit besteht darin, das Kupferoxidpigment im Brand zu kontrollieren. Der mäßige Erfolg vieler Töpfer führte darum zu einer seltenen Verwendung dieses Dekors. Diese Kanne ist besonders, denn sie ist eines der frühesten und feinsten Beispiele, die wir kennen, die in dieser Technik gearbeitet ist. Der Dekor ist äußerst fein gearbeitet: Man sieht nicht nur jede Blattader auf den sich nach oben verjüngenden Blättern des Lotos, sondern auch die kleine Figur am Rand der Kanne – ein Kind oder Mönch mit Lotosblume in den Händen haltend – ist überaus präzise und kunstvoll gearbeitet, ebenso wie der elegant geformte Körper der Kanne mit seiner schlanken Tülle und dem geschwungenen Henkel.

Justus Brinckmann (1843-1915) erwarb diese Kanne vor dem Jahre 1910 von dem japanischen Kunsthändler Seisuke Ikeda (1839-1900) in Kyoto. Sie wurde umfassend restauriert, wie man unschwer erkennen kann bei vergleichender Betrachtung des aktuellen Bildes mit der historischen Fotografie (Abb. 2). Die Seladon-Kanne ist hier oben rechts zu sehen in einer Vitrine, die vermutlich Justus Brinckmann selbst als Direktor des Museums einrichtete. Der Krug in den Freer and Sackler Galleries war früher im Besitz des Sammlers Charles Lang Freer, der Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts eine Europareise unternahm und das MK&G in Hamburg besuchte. Vielleicht ließ er sich von Brinckmanns Kauf inspirieren und erwarb in den USA ein ähnliches Stück?

Nachweise:

Siehe Valenstein, Meech-Pekarik und Jenkins, 1980 Oriental Ceramics, the World’s Greatest Collections: Das Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Ohio State University: S. 179 für eine Beschreibung dieser Technik.

Weitere Informationen stammen aus Recherchen, die die Autorin zwischen 2018 und 2020 im Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg im Rahmen der Neuinstallation der koreanischen Galerie durchgeführt hat.

Für weitere Informationen:

Die Kannen sind im Katalog zur Korea-Sammlung des MK&G publiziert, Korean Collection at the Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg. Catalogue of Overseas Korean Cultural Heritage. No. 35. National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage (Hrsg.), 2017, Samsung Moonhwa Printing Co. Ltd., S. 29-31.

Siehe Nora von Achenbach, Die Botschaft der Dinge. Eine koreanische Seladonkanne mit kupferroter Bemalung im Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg, in Ostasiatische Zeitschrift, Neue Serie; Nr. 35 – Frühjahr 2018, S. 9-14 für weitere Informationen über den Restaurierungsprozess.

Francisco Capelo, Portuguese Collector

By Mariana Araújo

Francisco Capelo studied economics and management at Lisbon Catholic University, graduating in 1977 and subsequently working as an investment banker and stockbroker until 1992. Later he served as chairman and executive board member and was a private equity investor in several companies (1993-2001).

As an art collector his interests are broad and mostly focused on building collections to be publicly viewed in museums and then ultimately publicly-owned. In the late 80’s and 90’s Capelo collected modern and contemporary Western art and later design and fashion. After a long trip to Asia in 1999 and subsequently, over the last 20 years, he has assembled a collection of over 1,300 works of art from that continent, driven by his fascination with the historical links between Asia and Portugal.

EN: Japan, Ogata Kenzan, early 18th century, Francisco Capelo Collection 

PT: Japão, Ogata Kenzan, início de século XVIII, Coleção Francisco Capelo

Capelo was the author of the Berardo Collection and founder of the Sintra Museu de Arte Moderna, which opened in 1997. In May 1999 his Design collection opened as Design Museum at the C.C.B in Lisbon. In 2006, his Design and Fashion collections both became publicly owned and in 2009 were housed in the new MUDE – Museu do Design e da Moda-Coleção Francisco Capelo. In 2017, a protocol was signed between Capelo and Lisbon’s Santa Casa da Misericórdia, a 500-year-old charity institution. Capelo donated and deposited 4/5 of the Francisco Capelo Asia Collection and Santa Casa acquired the remaining 1/5. It was also agreed that the Collection would be housed in an 18th-century palace in Lisbon’s historic centre and permanently opened to the public as Casa Asia – Coleção Francisco Capelo. Later in 2017, the Portuguese Museology Association (APOM) gave its Best Incorporation Award to Casa Asia

EN: Sri Lanka, String puppets, Puppet Museum, Lisbon 
PT: Sri Lanka, Marionetas de fios, Museu da Marioneta, Lisboa

EN: Sri Lanka, String puppets, Puppet Museum, Lisbon

PT: Sri Lanka, Marionetas de fios, Museu da Marioneta, Lisboa

Another area of Capelo’s collecting interest relates to the ritual and performing arts and he has assembled more than 1,500 works of art, all of which are deposited in two Lisbon museums – the Museu da Marioneta and the Museu de Etnologia. Meanwhile Capelo has also made donations to several other art institutions: Museu Nacional de Etnologia, Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, Museu Nacional de Arte Contemporânea, Museu do Chiado, Museu Calouste Gulbenkian and Musée d’Art Moderne de St. Étienne.

EN: “Nadagama – Masks and Puppets from Sri Lanka” Exhibition, 2009, Francisco Capelo Collection, Puppet Museum, Lisbon
PT: Exposição “Nadagama – Máscaras e Marionetas do Sri Lanka”, 2009, coleção de Francisco Capelo, Museu da Marioneta, Lisboa

The collector is author of The Art of Lacquer in Burma and Thailand (2004), and Silence Speaks: Masks, Shadows, and Puppets from Asia (2015). In addition, Capelo has edited the following books: Sintra Museum of Modern Art, The Berardo Collection (1996); Museu do Design: Luxo, Pop & Cool: De 1937 até Hoje (1999);  Design De Mode: Des Années 80 à Nos Jours (2002);  Sogobò: Masks and Puppets from Mali (2004);  Forms of Pleasure: Chinese Ceramics from Burial to Daily Life (2009); Ceramics of Seduction: Glazed Wares from South East Asia (2013); 10 Years later: Objects from Elsewhere: Donation Francisco Capelo (2014); Thread and Fire: Textiles and Jewellery from the Isles of Indonesia and Timor (2019); A Traveller’s Eye: Selected Works from the Francisco Capelo Asia Collection (2021); Diálogos de Colecionador (2022).

In 2002, Capelo was awarded the insignia of Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres by the French government. In 2018, the President of the Portuguese Republic recognised Capelo’s work with the Ordem do Infante Dom Henrique.

🇵🇹 Francisco Capelo estudou Economia e Gestão na Universidade Católica Portuguesa, tendo-se graduado em 1977 e trabalhou sucessivamente como banqueiro de investimentos e corretor de bolsa até 1992. Mais tarde serviu como presidente e membro do conselho executivo e foi investidor de património privado em diversas empresas (1993-2001).

Como colecionador de arte os seus interesses são abrangentes e principalmente focados na construção de coleções para serem exibidas publicamente em museus e, em última análise, de propriedade pública. Em finais dos anos 80 e 90, Capelo colecionou arte ocidental moderna e contemporânea e, posteriormente, design e moda. Desde 1999, após uma longa viagem à Ásia, nos últimos 20 anos, reuniu uma coleção de mais de 1.300 obras de arte daquele continente, impulsionado pela sua fascinação com os laços históricos entre a Ásia e Portugal.

Capelo foi o autor da Coleção Berardo e fundador do Museu de Arte Moderna de Sintra, inaugurado em 1997. Em maio de 1999, a sua coleção de Design abriu como Museu do Design no C.C.B (Centro Cultural de Belém) de Lisboa. Em 2006, as suas coleções de Design e Moda ambas se tornaram propriedade pública, e em 2009 foram alojadas no novo MUDE – Museu do Design e da Moda-Coleção Francisco Capelo. Em 2017, foi assinado um protocolo entre o Capelo e a Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa, uma instituição de solidariedade social com 500 anos, à qual Capelo doou e depositou quatro quintos da Coleção Ásia – Francisco Capelo enquanto a Santa Casa adquiriu o restante quinto. Foi também acordado que a Coleção seria instalada num palácio do século XVIII no centro histórico de Lisboa e permanentemente aberta ao público como Casa Ásia – Coleção Francisco Capelo. Mais tarde, em 2017, a Associação Portuguesa de Museologia (APOM) concedeu o prémio de Melhor Incorporação à Casa Ásia.

Outra área de interesse da coleção de Capelo prende-se com as artes rituais e performativas, tendo reunido mais de 1.500 obras de arte, todas elas depositadas em dois museus de Lisboa – o Museu da Marioneta e o Museu de Etnologia. Entretanto, Capelo também fez donativos a várias outras instituições de arte: Museu Nacional de Etnologia, Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, Museu Nacional de Arte Contemporânea, Museu do Chiado, Museu Calouste Gulbenkian e Musée d’Art Moderne de St. Étienne.

O colecionador é autor de The Art of Lacquer in Burma and Thailand (2004) e Silence Speaks: Masks, Shadows, and Puppets from Asia (2015).  Capelo editou ainda os seguintes livros: Museu de Arte Moderna de Sintra, Coleção Berardo (1996); Museu do Design: Luxo, Pop & Cool: De 1937 até Hoje (1999); Design De Mode: Des Années 80 à Nos Jours (2002); Sogobò: Máscaras e Marionetas do Mali (2004);  Forms of Pleasure: Chinese Ceramics from Burial to Daily Life (2009); Ceramics of Seduction: Glazed Wares from South East Asia (2013); 10 Anos depois: Objetos de Outros Lugares: Doação Francisco Capelo (2014); Thread and Fire: Textiles and Jewellery from the Isles of Indonesia and Timor (2019); A Traveller’s Eye: Selected Works from the Francisco Capelo Asia Collection (2021); Diálogos de Colecionador (2022).Em 2002, Capelo foi premiado com a insígnia de Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres pelo governo francês. Em 2018, o Presidente da República Portuguesa reconheceu o trabalho de Capelo com a Ordem do Infante Dom Henrique.

Bibliography / Bibliografia:

Arnoldi, Mary Jo, and Francisco Capelo. Sogobò: Masks and Puppets from Mali. Lisbon: National Museum of Ethnology, 2004.

Berardo, José, Francisco Capelo, Sarah Wilson, Marco Livingstone, Ann Hindry, Robert Rosenblum, and Alexandre Melo. The Berardo Collection, Sintra Museum of Modern Art. Sintra: Sintra Museum of Modern Art, 1996.

Besse, Nadine, Francisco Capelo, and Sylvie Marot. Design De Mode: Des Années 80 à Nos Jours. Saint-Etienne: Musée d’Art d’Industrie de Saint-Etienne, 2002.

Brito, Joaquim Pais de, and Francisco Capelo. 10 Years later: Objects from Elsewhere:  Donation Francisco Capelo. Lisbon: National Museum of Ethnology, 2014.

Brunhammer, Yvonne, Francisco Capelo, Cristina Morozzi, Pierre Staudenmeyer, Chloé Braunstein, Pascale Casagnau, and Rui Afonso Santos. Museu Do Design: Luxo, Pop & Cool: DE 1937 até Hoje. Lisbon: Design Museum, 1999.

Capelo, Francisco, ed. A New Home for MUDE, Design and Fashion Museum. MUDE, 2009.

Capelo, Francisco, Regina Krahl, and David Prestley. Silence Speaks: Masks, Shadows and Puppets from Asia. Bangkok: River Books, 2015.

Capelo, Francisco, Regina Krahl, and David Priestley. Forms of Pleasure: Chinese Ceramics from Burial to Daily Life, 2009.

Capelo, Francisco. Traveller’s Eye: Selected Works from the Francisco Capelo Asia Collection. London: Scala Arts & Heritage, 2021.

Duarte, Adelaide, Francisco Capelo. Diálogos de Colecionador. Lisbon: Veritas Art Publishers, 2022.

McIntosh, Linda, and Francisco Capelo. Thread and Fire: Textiles and Jewellery from the Isles of Indonesia and Timor. Bangkok: River Books, 2020.

Porfírio José Luís, and Francisco Capelo. The Art of Lacquer in Burma and Thailand. Lisbon: Portuguese Institute Museums, 2004.

Rooney, Dawn, and Francisco Capelo. Ceramics of Seduction: Glazed Wares from South East Asia. Bangkok: River Books, 2013.

Puppet Museum “Khon, o Teatro da Corte da Tailândia” Youtube, 8 August 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WpWyorkCr3M

Puppet Museum “Teatro da Corte da Tailândia – Coleção Francisco Capelo” Youtube, 3 September 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SpWB04HphLc

Puppet Museum “Teatros de Java | Jóias, Batiks e Marionetas da colecção Francisco Capelo” Youtube, 12 September 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C08F-OMcshg.   

Puppet Museum “TEATROS DE JAVA Colecção Francisco Capelo | Exposição no Museu da Marioneta” Youtube, 24 August 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVBUjfUXQrY

Puppet Museum “Theatres of Java | Exhibition at the Puppet Museum in Lisbon” Youtube, 12 September 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EGtI27n12Jg

Puppet Museum, “Quando os Deuses visitavam Bali | exposição temporária | 24.10.2014 – 18.01.2015” Youtube, 17 November 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l98ff5253Q0

Resources / Recursos:

“Coleção Francisco Capelo.” MUDE. MUDE [October 26, 2022]. https://www.mude.pt/colecoes/colecao-francisco-capelo_1.html

Amigos. “Amigos Do Museu Do Chiado.” Logótipo Amigos [October 26, 2022]. http://amigos.museuartecontemporanea.gov.pt/Iniciatives/view_by_year/2019

Casa Asia. “Casa Asia.” Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa [October 26, 2022]. https://en.scml.pt/culture/asia-house/

Museu da Marioneta [October 26, 2022]. https://www.facebook.com/museudamarioneta/about/?ref=page_internal.   Página Oficial das Ordens Honorificas Portuguesas, April 6, 2018 [October 26, 2022]. https://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=146&idi=6409.